Copyright

Copyright

Copyright Version 1.2, November 2002Copyright (C)2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston,MA 02110-1301USAEveryone ispermitted to copy and distribute verbatim copiesof this licensedocument, but changing it is not allowed.0. PREAMBLEThe purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or otherfunctional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: toassure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with orwithout modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, thisLicense preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for theirwork, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivativeworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complementsthe GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for freesoftware.We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for freesoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a free program shouldcome with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But thisLicense is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textualwork, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printedbook. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose isinstruction or reference.1.APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONSThis License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, thatcontains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributedunder the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide,royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under theconditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any suchmanual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as”you”. You accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute thework in a way requiring permission under copyright law.A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing theDocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modificationsand/or translated into another language.A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-mattersection of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of thepublishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall subject (or torelated matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within thatoverall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, aSecondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be amatter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or oflegal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whosetitles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice thatsays that the Document is released under this License. If a section does notfit the above definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designatedas Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Documentdoes not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that arelisted, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says thatthe Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readablecopy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the generalpublic, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly withgeneric text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programsor (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitablefor input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety offormats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwiseTransparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arrangedto thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text.A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCIIwithout markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using apublicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDFdesigned for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats includePNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be readand edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTDand/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generatedHTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposesonly.The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material thisLicense requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do nothave any title page as such, “Title Page” means the text near themost prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of thebody of the text.A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Documentwhose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses followingtext that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specificsection name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”,”Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve theTitle” of such a section when you modify the Document means that itremains a section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice whichstates that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimersare considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regardsdisclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimersmay have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.2. VERBATIMCOPYINGYou may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commerciallyor noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and thelicense notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced inall copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of thisLicense. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the readingor further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you mayaccept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enoughnumber of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and youmay publicly display copies.3. COPYING INQUANTITYIf you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printedcovers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s licensenotice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the frontcover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearlyand legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover mustpresent the full title with all words of the title equally prominent andvisible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying withchanges limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of theDocument and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying inother respects.If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actualcover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering morethan 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy alongwith each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-networklocation from which the general network-using public has access to downloadusing public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of theDocument, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must takereasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies inquantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible atthe stated location until at least one year after the last time you distributean Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition tothe public.It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of theDocument well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them achance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.4. MODIFICATIONSYou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under theconditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the ModifiedVersion under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling therole of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of theModified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must dothese things in the Modified Version: Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. Include an unaltered copy of this License. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendicesthat qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from theDocument, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections asinvariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections inthe Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be distinct from anyother section titles.You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided itcontains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by variousparties–for example, statements of peer review or that the text has beenapproved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and apassage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of CoverTexts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one ofBack-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any oneentity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are actingon behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, onexplicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License givepermission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or implyendorsement of any Modified Version.5. COMBININGDOCUMENTSYou may combine the Document with other documents released under thisLicense, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions,provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections ofall of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as InvariantSections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve alltheir Warranty Disclaimers.The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multipleidentical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there aremultiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make thetitle of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses,the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or elsea unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list ofInvariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled”History” in the various original documents, forming one sectionEntitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled”Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled”Dedications”. You must delete all sections Entitled”Endorsements.”6.COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTSYou may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documentsreleased under this License, and replace the individual copies of this Licensein the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of eachof the documents in all other respects.You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute itindividually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this Licenseinto the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respectsregarding verbatim copying of that document.7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKSA compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate andindependent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distributionmedium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright resulting from thecompilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation’s usersbeyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in anaggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregatewhich are not themselves derivative works of the Document.If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies ofthe Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entireaggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket theDocument within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if theDocument is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed coversthat bracket the whole aggregate.8. TRANSLATIONTranslation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distributetranslations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing InvariantSections with translations requires special permission from their copyrightholders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections inaddition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may includea translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, andany Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original Englishversion of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version ofthis License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,”Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) toPreserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actualtitle.9. TERMINATIONYou may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except asexpressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify,sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminateyour rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, orrights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated solong as such parties remain in full compliance.10.FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSEThe Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNUFree Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similarin spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address newproblems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If theDocument specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “orany later version” applies to it, you have the option of following theterms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later versionthat has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. Ifthe Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may chooseany version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.How to use this License for your documentsTo use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of theLicense in the document and put the following copyright and license noticesjust after the title page:Copyright (c) YEARYOUR NAME.Permission isgranted to copy, distribute and/or modify this documentunder the terms ofthe GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2or any laterversion published by the Free Software Foundation;with no InvariantSections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.A copy of thelicense is included in the section entitled “GNUFree DocumentationLicense”.If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,replace the “with…Texts.” line with this:with the InvariantSections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with theFront-Cover Textsbeing LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some othercombination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommendreleasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free softwarelicense, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in freesoftware.